Tree-ring response of Larix chinensis on regional climate and sea-surface temperature variations in alpine timberline in the Qinling Mountains

Tree-ring width chronologies of Larix chinensis were developed from the northern and southern slopes of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province,and climatic factors affecting the tree-ring widths of L.chinensis were examined.Correlation analysis showed that similar correlations between tree-ring width chronologies and climatic factors demonstrated that radial growth responded to climate change on both slopes.The radial growth of L.chinensis was mainly limited by temperature,especially the growing season.In contrast,both chronologies were negatively correlated with precipitation in May of the previous year and April of the current year.Spatial climate-correlation analyses with gridded land-surface climate data revealed that our tree-ring width chronologies contained a strong regional temperature signal over much of northcentral and eastern China.Spatial correlation with seasurface temperature fields highlights the influence of the Pacific Ocean,Indian Ocean,and North Atlantic Ocean.Wavelet coherence analysis indicated the existence of some decadal and interannual cycles in the two tree-ring width chronologies.This may suggest the influences of El Nin˜o-Southern Oscillation and solar activity on tree growth in the Qinling Mountains.These findings will help us understand the growth response of L.chinensis to climate change in the Qinling region,and they provide critical information for future climate reconstructions based on this species in semi-humid regions.     

生物多样性保护优先区生态网络构建与优化——以太行山片区为例

生物多样性保护优先区是重要物种的栖息地，是生物多样性保护工作的重点区域。基于生态学“源”“汇”理论，提取2000-2016年生态系统转移变化较小、生境质量较好的生态斑块和各类自然保护地作为生态源地，采用最小累积阻力模型构建研究区潜在生态廊道，并进行连通性评价，提出生态网络优化方案。结果表明，林地、灌丛是该区域物种迁移和扩散过程中起主导连接作用的景观类型，占生态廊道面积比例的63.9%，其次是草地，占生态廊道面积比例的13.87%；潜在生态网络结构连接度较高，但部分廊道结构较复杂，冗余性较高；通过重力模型优先选择相互作用力>5的生态廊道，并提取出32个生态断裂点和28个“暂栖息地”，最终提出保护生态源地、分级生态廊道、规划暂栖息地和修复生态断裂点等生态网络优化对策，研究结果可为太行山优先区-太行山片区生物多样性保护提供科学方法和建议。     

土壤中毒死蜱及主要代谢产物的降解与生态风险

为探讨施用农药毒死蜱后土壤中毒死蜱及其主要降解产物3，5，6-三氯吡啶-2-酚（TCP）污染分布特征，评估农田土壤环境中毒死蜱及TCP的环境风险，以玉米、小麦和大豆3种作物农田为研究对象，开展旱地农田田间试验。通过对施用后不同时间农田土壤中毒死蜱浓度检测发现，土壤中毒死蜱均在前期消解较快，后期逐渐变缓。小麦、大豆、玉米种植土壤中毒死蜱的半衰期为7.86~24.84 d（均小于30 d），消解速率常数为0.027 9~0.088 2 d^-1。前期均表现为0~5 cm土壤中毒死蜱残留量最大，15~20 cm土壤中毒死蜱残留量最小，即随着深度的增加土壤中毒死蜱的残留量逐渐降低；随着时间的延长，0~10 cm土壤中毒死蜱残留量逐渐减少，10~20 cm土壤中毒死蜱残留量逐渐增加。TCP比母体毒死蜱更容易迁移，对环境的污染风险较高。随着毒死蜱施用剂量的增加，小麦、大豆、玉米3种作物种植土壤中毒死蜱及TCP的短期和长期生态风险均增大。超推荐剂量施用毒死蜱导致毒死蜱及TCP产生较高的短期和长期生态风险，TCP生态风险在3种作物农田中均达到了高风险等级。     

Cultivation Influences on Soil Organic Carbon Associated with Texture in Seasonally Frozen Zones

[Objective] This study aimed to examine indicative roles of texture representing soil organic carbon presence and variability subsequent to cultivation under cold temperate climates with seasonal freeze-thaw events.[Method] Three chronosequences were selected for paired comparisons.Soil samples were collected at six depths with a 10 cm increment.Analysis of variance with general linear model and regression was performed for statistical analysis.[Result] In seasonally frozen soils where fragmentation of macroaggregates was stimulated,soil organic carbon level was positively associated with clay ＋ silt proportion due to a wider textural range,better than sole clay content.Exponential function better fitted the experimental data to present progressively increased effectiveness of clay ＋ silt content in maintaining carbon.Clay content explained 12％-41％ and 14％-43％ of variation via linear and exponential functions,respectively.Accordingly,clay ＋ silt content explained 47％-65％ and 46％-70％.[Conclusion] Texture reflected soil organic carbon occurrence as consequences of reclamation.For seasonally frozen soils with wider textural ranges,it is robust to adapt clay ＋ silt content as dependent variable and exponential function.The generated algorithms provided an available pathway to estimate soil organic carbon losses following cultivation and to evaluate soil fertility.     

贯通培养基础阶段英语教学中融入中国文化的探索

长期以来，我国的英语教育一直偏重西方文化信息和知识的输入，而中国文化较少涉及或缺失，导致学生用英语表达中国文化的意识不强，能力不足。在中国文化“走出去”的战略背景下，将中国文化融入到英语教学中，不仅有利于提升学生的跨文化交际能力，使他们在中外文化交流中更好地弘扬中国文化，讲好中国故事，而且能够拓展和加深学生对中国文化的认知和理解，坚定文化自信，增强民族文化认同感，培育中国精神，增强爱国情怀。     

渤海湾外来浮游植物物种及其入侵途径分析

为了预防外来浮游植物入侵引发的渤海湾赤潮灾害，基于近20年建设项目环境影响评价报告书和相关文献资料的研究成果，收集整理了渤海湾海域已发现的外来浮游植物物种及具体物种信息，分析了物种入侵的主要途径及可能产生的赤潮灾害影响。结果表明：渤海湾海域共发现17种外来浮游植物，其中，甲藻门最多，有10种；硅藻门次之，有5种；金藻门和黄藻门最少，各有1种。研究表明：渤海湾外来浮游植物中，除中华盒形藻外，其余16种均属于赤潮生物，这些物种主要通过压载水引入、传播的方式进入渤海湾海域，应加强港口监控和管理，以防赤潮灾害。     

土壤重金属钝化效果评估——基于大田试验的研究

采用野外大田试验,研究了钙镁磷肥(Calcium-magnesia phosphate fertilizer)、麦饭石(Medical stone)、氧化铁吸附剂(Ferric oxide adsorbent)、氧化铝复合材料(Alumina composite)、植物型有机肥(Plant-based organic fertilizer)、牛粪(Cow dung)、骨炭(Bone char)对某地重金属污染农田的钝化修复效果,并利用动态加权评估方法评估了这几种钝化材料的综合适用性。试验结果表明:几种材料对土壤pH影响均较小,钙镁磷肥、麦饭石微量提高了土壤pH,与对照组相比分别增加0.68和0.74个单位;施加植物型有机肥、牛粪和骨炭提高了土壤有机质含量,与对照组相比分别增加了3.19、2.64 g·kg~(-1)和1.17 g·kg~(-1)(10.04%、8.31%和3.68%)。几种材料在0.6%的投加量下,除植物型有机肥外均有较好钝化效果,土壤有效态镉降低18%以上,且显著减少糙米中镉蓄积量(0.062～0.087mg·kg~(-1)),低于国家食品安全标准限值。为综合评估几种材料的效果及适用性,以土壤重金属有效态含量、糙米镉含量、修复成本和产量为指标构建动态加权函数综合评估模型,评估结果表明,钙镁磷肥的综合修复效果最好,其次为骨炭和植物型有机肥。     

Sewage sludge processing determines its impact on soil microbial community structure and function

Composting and thermal drying are amongst the most commonly used post-digestion processes for allowing sanitation and biological stabilization of sewage sludge from municipal treatment plants, and making it suitable as soil conditioner for use in agriculture. To assess the impact of sludge-derived materials on soil microbial properties, fresh (LAF), composted (LAC) and thermally dried (LAT) sludge fractions, each resulting from a different post-treatment process of a same aerobically digested sewage sludge, were added at 1% (w/w) application rate on two contrasting (a loam and a loamy sand) soils and incubated under laboratory conditions for 28 days. Soil respiration, microbial ATP content, hydrolytic activities and arginine ammonification rate were monitored throughout the incubation period. Results showed that soil biochemical variables, including the metabolic quotient (qCO₂), were markedly stimulated after sludge application, and the magnitude of this stimulatory effect was dependent on sludge type (precisely LAT > LAF > LAC), but not on soil type. This effect was related to the content of stable organic matter, which was lower in LAT. Genetic fingerprinting by PCR–DGGE revealed that compositional shifts of soil bacterial and, at greater extent, actinobacterial communities were responsive to the amendment with a differing sludge fraction. The observed time-dependent changes in the DGGE profiles of amended soils reflected the microbial turnover dependent on the sludge nutrient input, whereas no indications of adverse effects of sludge-borne contaminants were noted. Our findings indicate that composting rather thermal drying can represent a more appropriate post-digestion process to make sewage sludge suitable for use as soil conditioner in agriculture.